Holy Spirit ‘from the Father and the Son’. The so-called ‘Filioque’ clause is infamous as a cause of schism between east and west, and is frequently dismissed as abstraction or pedantry.20 But, however regrettable, the controversy at heart concerns the way in which the Trinity is to be understood, and in particular how the divine tri-unity relates to the oneness of God. Western theology insists that the Spirit’s origin lies in both Father and Son, in order to underline the community of function between